Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Showcasing - Essay Example The discoveries of the examination will clear route for upgraded inquire about in the field of consumer loyalty. The center ideas of relationship advertising, administration quality and client dedication will be essentially managed inside this writing examination. All the over three ideas are a lot of significant in holding the current clients and to get new clients. An appropriate thoughtfulness regarding these ideas will help in creating long haul productivity for the association. The writing examination will be founded on the effect of these ideas on the present retail segment and its relationship with consumer loyalty. 2.2. The Retail Industry Retailing might be portrayed as the idea of advertising or selling the merchandise dependent on the client decision and necessities, in the interest of different associations that produce such products. (Gilbert, 1999) It is the idea of compelling administration of assets dependent on the necessities and goals of the clients. (Davies, 1993) The examination led by Peterson and Balasubramanian (2002) advances the solid contention that retailing has developed and changed a great deal since the start of the 21st century. According to their perspectives, the web upset is the primary explanation behind such a monstrous change in retailing and promoting. Web is the establishment of new age showcasing. (Hamel and Sampler, 1998) different components that have lead to the change of retailing are Globalization, advancement in innovations and the consistently changing client conduct. Retailing is not any more a little story at present. From littler shops in the crude years, a current day retail location covers sections of land of land. Global partnerships consider retailing as a high development fragment. (Raff and Schmitt, 2009) The creators contend that the fundamental main thrust of the retail fragment are the expanded extent of bringing in merchandise from low compensation nations and the economies of scale because of enormou s scope bringing in. The adjustments in the retail situation has made advanced and changed the clients alongside it. Clients today are all the more requesting and divided. The most developed type of retailing in the current age is web advertising in which merchandise are exchanged through advanced interface. It is additionally called web promoting or e-showcasing by which merchandise just as administrations are rendered online to the clients. (El-Gohary et al., 2008) Chaffey (2010) characterizes it as â€Å"achieving advertising targets through applying computerized technologies†. Internet showcasing is invaluable to the clients just as the merchants particularly on the value front. In any case, Gallagher and Gilmore (2004) contends that the advantages of internet promoting have not yet been utilized totally by independent ventures. The way of life of an association has a crucial job in deciding how well an association effectively adjusts to web promoting. (El-Gohary et al., 2008; Hofacker, 2001; Luna et al., 2003; Nantes and Glaser, 2008; Yasin and Yavas, 2007; Gong, 2009). The other significant variables that decide the achievement of web advertising are trust (Wang et al., 2009), security (Seounmi and Lee, 2009), client acknowledgment and contribution (El-Gohary et al., 2008). Among these, trust assumes a significant job as internet showcasing includes the acquisition of an item without truly feeling the item. In nations like UK, the online deals are sponsored by the specialization of significant coordinations organizations like

A Shining Thread of Hope - The History of Black Women in America Essay

A Shining Thread of Hope - The History of Black Women in America - Essay Example It is through this quality and the subsequent obligations of family, network and confidence, the creators contend, that both yesterday’s and today’s African American lady is starting to be perceived for her critical commitments to the advancement and improvement of the United States and the significance she keeps on playing in giving guides to live, work and raise a family in attempting times with respect, beauty, love and achievement. The preamble of the book quickly catches the reader’s consideration with a nitty gritty depiction of a youthful African woman’s life in the soonest days of the provinces. This example is proceeded with further detail into this and different accounts of African ladies in the early settlements as the book moves into its first part. The feeling of promptness is created as the creators fictionalize to a degree in depicting Lucy Terry Prince and other early African ladies brought to America. â€Å"A young lady remained on the shores of the New World. †¦ We don't have the foggiest idea about this woman’s name, yet we will call her Oni. She will be, for us, not a number †one of twenty slaves who were the first to be brought to North America †however the genuine lady she was† (8). Despite the fact that they showed up on these shores as slaves, the creators exhibit how these early slaves picked up opportunity, joy, land possession, grant and, now and again, a level of balance with their white neighbors. However there stay noteworthy holes to these accounts as the kids vanish or the family property is gobbled up by white intruders. â€Å"It is critical to recollect that other African Americans, ladies just as men, were at the same time making a different culture. Its advancement was not generally recorded, and scarcely any names have come down to us† (26). As they depict these accounts, the creators likewise work to remove themselves from the tales, frequently exchanging back to the story academic voice of the present rather

Positive Abnormal Returns On Stock Price Drift Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This paper reviews some previous evidence which obviously indicate that the relation between abnormal returns on stock price drift round earning announcement trends to be positive in a short period, because of slow and incomplete market response to information can be explained by behavioural finance which strongly contradicts semi-strong form market efficiency that the stock price reflect all publicly available information and only information which is not available to the public can generate abnormal returns for investors on their investments. This paper aims to use previous evidence to prove the existence of abnormal returns around earnings announcement released and give a comprehensive analysis about the reason why this phenomenon occurred and this influence in different size firm will be also discussed. This paper reviews some previous evidence in order to analyze whether the efficient market hypothesis is still valid under the abnormal returns of positive earnings announcements released and give a comprehensive analysis about the reason why this phenomenon occurred. In the first part, the relation between the abnormal returns on stock price drift and semi-strong efficient hypothesis will be discussed. In the second part, it mainly demonstrates the drift on stock price around the announcement day and gives a comprehensive analysis about how quickly the stock price of react to the positive surprise earnings announcements. In the third part, the firm size effect on stock price drift will be also analyzed. Finally, this paper points out the limitation in pervious research. (1) For different national institution systems is rare. (2) The comparison of different reactions to earnings announcement of different stock markets in developed and developing countries is rare. (3) The research of Different attitudes to the earnings announcement between individual investors and institutional investors is rare. Introduction When firms release their earnings announcement and related accounting information to the public, the institutions and individual analysts will compare this information with their previous estimation according to the inside and outside issues which can affect the companys future performance carefully, in order to pursue excess or abnormal returns. These data in reports are generally higher or lower than analysts estimates because of the surprised issues in earnings announcement, which usually affect the stock price of these companies significantly. Positive surprised earnings announcements typically cause a positive signal to their current and potential investors who concern the future performance of these firms (Needham, 2007). Conversely, a negative earnings announcement usually provides a negative signal to their investors which can act on the stock price. According to Eugene Fama (1970), market efficiency can be explained by three forms: weak form, semi-strong form and strong form efficiency. This paper aims to demonstrate whether the investor can gain abnormal returns from positive earnings announcement of a firm, because based on semi-strong form efficiency hypothesis which provided by Fama in 1970, the stock price is completely reflected by all public information, which means the future performance cannot be predicted and estimated by any other technical nor fundamental analysis which aims to gain abnormal returns. Nevertheless, some empirical studies which focus on the evaluation of speed of adjustment of stock prices to earning announcement show that market efficiency hypothesis is invalid. DeBondt and Thaler (1987) analyzed the relation between the stock prices and earnings announcement, which shows a positive estimated abnormal stock returns around the announcement day. Furthermore, some evidence indicated that the average initial response to earning announcements is an overreaction to earnings. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to analyze whether the efficient market hypothesis is still valid under the abnormal returns of positive earnings announcements released. Secondly, it will discuss the drift of stock price around the announcement day and give an analysis about the time of how quickly the stock price of react to the positive surprise earnings announcements. Thirdly, investigate the firm size effect in stock price change around earnings announcement released. Finally, give a conclusion and an implication from this study. Analyzing in semi-strong form EMH Semi-strong form efficiency was defined by Fama (1970) that stock price completely reflects all available information which released to the public. A test of semi-strong form efficiency was performed by Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll (1969) indicated that investors cannot gain any abnormal returns under public information, which means under efficient capital markets, stock prices fully reflect all the information in a rapid and unbiased period and provide unbiased estimates of the underlying values (Basu, 1977). In conclusion, if semi-strong form efficiency is valid, abnormal returns by acting on public announcements is possible. However, many literatures indicated that the market is inefficient. William (1991) says the earnings announcements contain some information which is not available to the public. Foster et al (1984) constructed 10 portfolios on the size of earnings surprise and analyzed stock returns. He found there was a large abnormal return on announcement day and inv estors can obtain this excess return when the positive earning information was published. Moreover, he also recognized that there was significant stock price adrift around the announcement day which can be explained by delayed adjustment of stock market to new information (under-reaction). Ball and Kothari (1991) supported this conclusion by their empirical test that earnings announcement usually include information which not available to the market and significant excess return will be generated on the announcement day. Hereafter, Jegadeesh and Livnat (2006) say that abnormal stock returns, especially the post announcement abnormal returns are result from earning announcement. All of this evidence clearly and strongly demonstrates that price announcements contain information not available to the market and the stock price cannot fully reflect all the information released to the public, which against semi-strong form EMH. 2. Analyzing in stock price drift around announcement day Ball and Brown (1968) find there was an abnormal return around earnings announcement day and the internal and external factors which cannot be released to the public will potentially affect the intrinsic value of stock price (Charles et al, 1970). Joy and Jones (1979) concluded their studies and said the phenomenon of generating abnormal returns from earnings announcements can prove the market is inefficient. 2.1 Pre- Earning Announcement Drift Pre-announcement means private information used in anticipation of public disclosure in order to pursue abnormal returns when related information published to the market. The first conclusive evidence of pre-announcement price drift was provided by Keown and Pinkerton (1981), which is based on the underlying theory stock price behavior. In this paper, they assumed that any observed increasing in stock price would be directly prove the existence of insider trading and concluded that the leakage was significantly pervasive insider trading. Foster et al (1981) concluded that the early earnings announcement may contain some information relevant to the later and currently affect it in stock price. This appearance can be defined as pre-earnings announcement drift, which is similar to post-earnings announcement drift because of the under-reaction of investors to the changing in earnings announcement. Ball and Brown (1968) used their empirical evidence to demonstrate that around 85% to 90% of stocks price changed before the announcement released, because these information will directly influence the confidence of their current or potential investors to the companys future performance they invested. The result from Jarrell and Poulsen (1989) also support Ball and Brown (1968). Later, Paul (1994) used his empirical test to find share prices would increase dramatically in the 30 days prior to the god earnings announcement released. However, Sanders and Zdanowicz (1992) used their empirical test to examine pre-announcement activities and argued that: The previous literature did not isolated the interval over which insider trading could take place, namely around the unpublicized initiation date. Furthermore, they also found there was no evidence to prove the price drift which caused by the pre-bid activities before the announcement date. Finally, they conclude abnormal returns only occurred after the financial information published and those speculation activi ties before the announcement date almost certainly based on the leaked information they got. The relation between stock price and pre-announcement trading volume activities is also discussed by Jarrell and Poulsen (1989). They used historical data to analyze the relation between the trading volume and abnormal returns, which is based on stock price drift around announcement day. According to their studies, they found abnormal trading volume activities were significant over the whole pre-announcement period of time. Based on their research, they found there was a significantly positive abnormal return may be accrued before the announcement published, but increased trading volume activity is just possible. However, Sanders and Zdanowicz (1992) criticized that there might be some noises in the methodology which was used by Jarrell and Poulsen in 1989. They argued that as a result of the failure to take into account both day of the week effects and serial correlation, the test is mis specified. 2.2 Post- Earning Announcement Drift The abnormal returns before earnings announcement are relatively easy to understand because the leakage of information into the market, but not the same as abnormal returns after the earnings announcement (PEAD). Ball and Brown identified post-earnings announcement drift (PEAD) in 1968 and subsequent research always supported their view comprehensively. In order to confirm the existence of PEAD, Forster et al (1984) used their empirical test and said there was positive correlation between abnormal stock returns and the unexpected issues of the earning post-earnings announcement released. The post-earnings announcement drift phenomenon directly challenges the semi-strong form efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), which indicates that the stock price fully reflect all publicly available information instantaneously. Meanwhile, Abarbanell and Bernard (1992) compared market and analyst reactions to earnings announcement released. According to their studies they found that analysts are mor e efficient than the market. However, Fama (1998) said it is just a market anomaly in the stock market, which can be solved by three-factor module. Sometimes, previous studies also implied that abnormal returns could be generated by using investment methodology and strategies based on price-change persistency subsequent to earnings announcements (Lev and Ohlson, 1982). Kyle (1985) used his result to support (Lev and Ohlson, 1982), there was a substantial return of PEAD can be treated as compensation for the unpredictable information released in earnings announcement for informed traders to noise traders. However, one argument supported by the EMH says that: If any systematic method of obtaining abnormal excess returns exists and if that method becomes known to the public, then the mechanics of an efficient market will negate the realization of any further benefits derived from the use of that method (Bidwell and Riddle, 1981). The evidence shows a strong belief in market ef ficiency was the accumulation of results which indicate that there is an existence of persistent price adjustments after earnings announcements, but it is just an instantaneous adjustment, the stock market is still efficient. However, Bernard and Thomas (1990) say that the post-earnings announcement drift means the anomaly in market efficiency is a failure to reflect all the information into the stock price completely, because of the relatively slow reflection to the announcement published from people. It is difficult for people to understand why stock prices can not respond the information in earning announcement published completely and immediately. In order to explain this question, Bernard and Thomas (1989) and Freeman and Tse (1989) use their empirical evidence to provide one indication that could help people to understand preliminary. Specifically, they found that there was a huge disproportionately of the post-announcement drift is delayed until the subsequent earnings ann ouncement released. Later, Booth, Kalunki and Martikainen (1996) summarized Bernard and Thomas (1989) that it is so absolute, but at least, a part of the responses to changes indicated around earnings announcements has been delayed. In other words, why this situation happened is just because not all the investors can get available information from earnings announcement and assimilate it and the existence of transaction cost in this processing. Bhushan (1994) tried to find out the relation between the post-earnings announcement drift and proxies for transaction costs. According to his empirical test, he found even in an efficient security market, the transaction will still exist because sophisticated investors will not trade until the transaction costs will be exceed by their expected profit return. 2.3 How quickly security prices assimilate new information Fama (1998) said that most long-term return anomalies tend to disappear with reasonable changes in technique and alternative approaches are used to measure them. Grossman (1976) shows that price can reveal all private information to passive investors. However, Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) argue that only if transaction costs are zero, the prices should assimilate new information immediately and completely. As a matter of fact, the transaction cost cannot be zero. Watts (1978) also supported this view, he said only those people who can avoid the direct or indirect transaction costs can generate abnormal returns after earnings announcement released. According to Forster et al (1984), although there was positive correlation between abnormal stock returns and the unexpected issues in period of earning announcement released, he found the speed of adjustment to any information contained in announcement is gradual but not instantaneous. Bernard and Moreover, Thomas (1990) also pointed out that the existence of drift stock price will not exceed 1 hour after the earnings announcement released. In order to explain and solve this problem, Dann et al. (1977), the first research group in this domain, used high frequency data to analyze the speed of price adjustment. They found that all of the potential trading profits dissipated and disappeared within 5 minutes after the announcement released. Moreover, Patell and Wolfson (1984) showed that abnormal returns would disappear within the first 30 minutes of earnings announcement released and most of the stock price returned to normal price within 10 minutes, which is similar with previous studies of Dann et al. (1977). In addition to this, Brooks (2003) found an immediate price adjustment phenomenon to overnight unpredicted events. However, De Bondt and Thaler (1985) argued that the price decreases and rebounds in subsequent periods due to the overreaction. If these points of view hold up, it means the strong form of marke t efficiency hypothesis is not valid. As can be seen, all the evidence above support that there is quick adjustment of prices drift after the earnings announcement released. However, there is a problem that all of these studies do not pay more attention on the impact of the different market structures, which can influence the process of price adjustment strongly. Francis et al. (1992) compared Paris Bourse market response to earnings announcements released during trading and non-trading hours. As a result, they found there was no evidence to prove that an inner reaction to overnight announcements at the opening of security market which is supported by Grossman (1976) that the trading is necessary to assimilate new information into the stock price, but the adjustment of stock price is not immediate to overnight announcements. Nevertheless, Greene and Watts (1996) found a different result from Francis et al. (1992). In order to explain their opinion, they analyzed NYSE and NASDA Q. As a result, they found there was an immediate price adjustment in these two markets which can be explained by the weakness of the information content of annual earnings announcements in two markets. Cao et al. (2000) used their result to support this point of view, stock prices will adjust to overnight announcements immediately. Thereby, as can be seen from the previous studies, the speed of adjustment of stock prices is related to market structure, not hold unique evaluation criteria. Firm size effect Linda (1987) said relative to the announcements of larger firms, smaller firms can generate a greater stock increasing in trading which persists for a longer time. Cheng Fan-fah (2008) used their empirical evidence to prove the impact of firm size on the stock prices of earnings announcement released are usually gained by the earnings response coefficient (ERC) and the ERC of smaller firms will be usually less than the larger firms, which shows a significantly negative correlation between firm sizes and abnormal returns. In the next parts, some issues which can affect the stock price in different size firms will be discussed. 3.1 Information asymmetry in small size firm announcement Ball and Kothari (1991) said the earnings announcement and other financial statements in large companies are more transparent than small companies and the abnormal stock return of small size firm is relatively higher than large size firms around the day of earnings announcement released because of the information asymmetry. Due to the less information published by small firms, investors should know the earnings announcement of small size firms includes lots of information which not available to the market, in other words, if investors early access the positive asymmetric information of earnings and revenue announcement from the inside of small size firms and invest on them, the more opportunities will be generated for them to obtain excess and abnormal returns than the people who invest on large size firms before the earnings announcement released. 3.2 Abnormal trading volume reaction in small size firms Beaver (1968) concluded that the trading volume indicated a consensus expectance among investors with complete information released. Freeman (1981) debated on whether there will be a relation between firm size effect and the existence of trading volume. According to his studies, the result showed an analogous inverse relation between firm size and trading volume around the date of earnings announcements released. Atiase (1985) proposed his point of view that investors prefer to discovery and pursue more related information and unexpected news of earnings announcements of small firms, which leading to a significant and sustained trading volume reaction. Linda (1987) used her empirical test to support Atiase (1985) that there was a positive correlation between the unexpected earnings announcement and the abnormal trading volume reactions. Relative to the earnings announcements of large firms, trading volume reaction of small firms is relatively larger than big firms after the earning s announcement released in a long period of time which can generate a significant stock price drift. Conclusion This paper reviews some previous evidence in order to analyze whether the efficient market hypothesis is still valid under the abnormal returns of positive earnings announcements released. Meanwhile, the issues which can cause the drift of stock price around the announcement day and how quickly the stock price of react to the positive surprise earnings announcements are also discussed. According to this paper, I found there is a significant price drift around announcement day, because of slow and incomplete market response to new information published, which can be explained by behavioural finance. Furthermore, the length of time of assimilating new information is very fast, but it also depends on the market structure we discussed. Moreover, it also investigates the firm size effect in stock price change around earnings announcement released, a negative relation between the firm size and price drift was confirmed. All of these studies obviously indicate that there will be an abn ormal return on stock price drift round earning announcement day in a short period which against semi-strong form market efficiency hypothesis that the stock price fully reflects all publicly available information and any abnormal returns cannot be generated by any other fundamental nor technical analysis. However, there are also some limitations in pervious research. (1) For different national institution systems is rare. (2) The comparison of different reactions to earnings announcement of different stock markets in developed and developing countries is rare. (3) The research of different attitudes to the earnings announcement between individual investors and institutional investors is rare.

Tezcatlipoca Aztec God of Night and Smoking Mirrors

Tezcatlipoca (Tez-ca-tlee-POH-ka), whose name means â€Å"Smoking Mirror†, was the Aztec god of night and sorcery, as well as the patron deity of Aztec kings and young warriors. As with many Aztec gods, he was associated with several aspects of Aztec religion, the sky, and the earth, winds and the north, kingship, divination, and war. For the different aspects he embodied, Tezcatlipoca was also known as the Red Tezcatlipoca of the West, and the Black Tezcatlipoca of the North, associated with death and cold. According to Aztec mythology, Tezcatlipoca was a vengeful god, who could see and punish any evil behavior or action happening on earth. For these qualities, Aztec kings were considered Tezcatlipoca’s representatives on earth; at their election, they had to stand in front of the god’s image and perform several ceremonies in order to legitimize their right to rule. A Supreme Deity Recent research suggests that Tezcatlipoca was one of the most important gods in the Late Postclassic Aztec pantheon. He was an old-style pan-Mesoamerican god, considered the embodiment of the natural world, a frightening figure who was both omnipresent--on earth, in the land of the dead, and in the sky--and omnipotent. He rose to importance during the politically dangerous and unstable times of the Late Postclassic Aztec and early Colonial periods. Tezcatlipoca was known as the Lord of the Smoking Mirror. That name is a reference to obsidian mirrors, circular flat shiny objects made of volcanic glass, as well as a symbolic reference to the smoke of battle and sacrifice. According to ethnographic and historical sources, he was very much a god of light and shadow, of the sound and smoke of bells and battle. He was closely associated with obsidian (itzli in the Aztec language) and jaguars (ocelotl). Black obsidian is of the earth, highly reflective and a vital part of human blood sacrifices. Jaguars were the epitome of hunting, warfare, and sacrifice to the Aztec people, and Tezcatlipoca was the familiar feline spirit of Aztec shamans, priests, and kings. Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca was the son of the god Ometà ©otl, who was the original creator entity. One of Tezcatlipoca’s brothers was Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca joined forces to create the surface of the earth but later became fierce enemies in the city of Tollan. For this reason, Quetzalcoatl is sometimes known as the White Tezcatlipoca to distinguish him from his brother, the Black Tezcatlipoca. Many Aztec legends hold that Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl were the gods who originated the world, told in the myth of the Legend of the Fifth Sun. According to Aztec mythology, prior to the current times, the world had passed through a series of four cycles, or â€Å"suns†, each one represented by a specific deity, and each one ending in a turbulent way. The Aztecs believed they lived in the fifth and last epoch. Tezcatlipoca ruled the first sun when the world was inhabited by giants. A fight between Tezcatlipoca and the god Quetzalcoatl, who wanted to replace him, put an end to this first world with the giants being devoured by jaguars. Opposing Forces The opposition between Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca is reflected in the legend of the mythical city of Tollan. The legend reports that Quetzalcoatl was a peaceful king and priest of Tollan, but he was deceived by Tezcatlipoca and his followers, who practiced human sacrifice and violence. Ultimately, Quetzalcoatl was forced into exile. Some archaeologists and historians believe that the legend of the fight between Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl refers to historical events such as the clash of different ethnic groups from the North and Central Mexico. Tezcatlipoca’s Festivities To Tezcatlipoca was dedicated one of the most ostentatious and imposing ceremonies of the Aztec religious calendar year. This was the Toxcatl or One Drought sacrifice, which was celebrated at the height of the dry season in May and involved the sacrifice of a boy. A young man was chosen at the festival among the most physically perfect prisoners. For the next year, the young man personified Tezcatlipoca, traveling through the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan attended by servants, fed with delicious food, wearing the finest clothing, and being trained in music and religion. About 20 days before the final ceremony he was married to four virgins who entertained him with songs and dances; together they wandered Tenochtitlans streets. The final sacrifice took place at Toxcatls May celebrations. The young man and his entourage traveled to the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan, and as he walked up the stairs of the temple he played music with four flutes that represented the worlds directions; he would destroy the four flutes on his way up the stairs. When he reached the top, a group of priests carried out his sacrifice. As soon as this happened, a new boy was chosen for the following year. Tezcatlipoca’s Images In his human form, Tezcatlipoca is easily recognizable in codex images by the black stripes painted on his face, depending on the aspect of the god that was represented, and by an obsidian mirror on his chest, through which he could see all human thoughts and actions. Symbolically, Tezcatlipoca is also often represented by an obsidian knife. Tezcatlipoca is sometimes illustrated as the jaguar deity Tepeyollotl (Heart of the Mountain). Jaguars are the patron of sorcerers and closely associated with the moon, Jupiter, and Ursa Major. In some images, a smoking mirror replaces Tezcatlipocas lower leg or foot. The earliest recognized representations of the pan-Mesoamerican god Tezcatlipoca are associated with Toltec architecture at the Temple of Warriors at Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, dated to AD 700-900. There is also at least one image of Tezcatlipoca at Tula; the Aztecs clearly associated Tezcatlipoca with the Toltecs. But images and contextual references to the god became much more abundant during the Late Postclassic period, at Tenochtitlan and Tlaxcallan sites such as Tizatlan. There are a few Late Postclassic images outside the Aztec empire including one at Tomb 7 at the Zapotec capital of Monte Alban in Oaxaca, which may represent a continuing cult.   Sources Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Klein CF. 2014. Gender Ambiguity and the Toxcatl Sacrifice. In: Baquedano E, editor. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 135-162.Saunders NJ, and Baquedano E. 2014. Introduction: Symbolizing Tezcatlipoca. In: Baquedano E, editor. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 1-6.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Smith ME. 2014. The Archaeology of Tezcatlipoca. In: Baquedano E, editor. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 7-39.Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005 The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc.

The Etiology And Prevalence Of Asd - 916 Words

Autism spectrum disorder is not a single disorder, it comprises of a very diverse group of neurodevelopmental disorders. According to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder 5th edition (DSM-V), diagnosis of ASDs includes three main deficits which are; having difficulties with social interaction and communication and deficit in behaviour, for example individual with ASD tend to repeat the same behaviour and they tend to be preoccupied. Under the DSM- V ASD consist of Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and childhood disintegrative. This essay will discuss the Etiology and prevalence of ASD as well as the treatments and interventions for ASD. Research study findings will be used as evidence to support the efficacy of these treatments for ASD. Finally this essay will briefly consider some limitations of these treatments. Several empirical researches suggest that ASD is heritable and that genetic component is the key factor involved in vulnerability to ASD; most of this evidence comes from twins and family studies. Silverman et al (2002) supports the claim that ASD is genetically determined. They found that ASD was present in multiple cases within extended families. Similarly, researchers have shown that ASD is linked with several genes, such as GABRA4, GABRA2, GABRA3 etc. Ma et al., (2005), provides support for this claim, they found that GABRA4, GABRR2, GABRA2 and GABRB1 are all linked to ASD.Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as behaviors (e.g. movements, interests and activities) that are restricted and repetitive1,2. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which was updated in 2013 (DSM-V), is used in the United States to diagnose ASD. DSM-V converts previously separate diagnoses (autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorderRead MoreThe National Institute Of Mental Health1690 Words   |  7 Pagespatient and the caregiver. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Autism spectrum disorder is a lengthy diagnostic category that includes those with impaired social interaction and communication, and those with repetitive stereo-typed behaviors (Persico Merelli, 2014). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIH), defines the term ‘spectrum’ as a wide range of symptoms, skill, and levels of impairment or disability that kids with ASD possess. It is a disorder in where several parts of the brainRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, they may have a slower response to being pinched or being touched by a hot object. It is often perceived that Autism Spectrum Disorder is not common; however, this is not true. In 2011, some of the more recent epidemiological studies found ASD prevalence of approximately 86–91 per 10,000 in the United States alone (Zaroff Uhm, 2011). This number has only continued to rise over the past four years as this disorder continues to afflict about 1 in 50 children (Butcher, Hooley Mineka, 2014). TheseRead MoreBrain Disorders Affecting Children812 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding ID and ASDs, are the most devastating brain disorders affecting children (13). The prevalence of ASDs is on the rise, and yet, no effective treatments exist. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 1 in 68 children at 8 years of age had ASDs in 2014, up 220% since 2002. ID, another severe NDD affecting 3% population characterized with IQ less than 70 (14). Over 3.5 million Americans live with ASDs suffering from life-long disabilities. An ASD family spends $60 Read MoreGender Theory1544 Words   |  7 Pagesspectrum disorder (ASD). This gender disparity, although heavily studied, is little understood. There are two main theories that attempt to explain this gender disparity: the extreme male brain theory, which is supported by research on fetal testosterone, X-chromosomes, Y-chromosomes, and the female protective effect; and the biased diagnostic criteria theory, which is also supported by many research studies that explore phenotypic differences in the symptoms of boys and girls with ASD. Ultimately,Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1278 Words   |  5 Pagesthat genetic factors are playing key role in the prevalence of ASD. To begin with, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the relationship between the number of autistic boys and girls. The statistical evidence shows that boys are more inclined to become autistic than girls. CDC states that 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 18 9 girls were identified as having ASD. This observation shows that ASD is likely a sex-linked inheritance. Sex-liked inheritanceRead MoreIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesseverity of the case. General symptoms presented in infancy include not babbling, cooing, or gesturing by 12 months old, not saying single words by 16 months old, and not saying two word phrases by 24 months old (Autism Society). Prevalence rates The prevalence rate of ASD in the US and the world is 1% of the population. According to the DSM-V, â€Å"It remains unclear whether higher rates reflect an expansion of the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV to include sub-threshold cases, increased awareness, differencesRead MoreEtiological Theories Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1964 Words   |  8 PagesDisorder (ASD) has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, compared to 1 in 10,000 children in 1980 (Baio, 2014). The rise in ASD prevalence highlights the need to continue research into etiology, risk factors, and effective treatments. Purpose: This paper is a critical review of current scientific studies that have focused on the ASD populationRead MoreThe Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )1693 Words   |  7 Pagesoccupational functioning. Autism spectrum disord er (ASD) is newly classified as such; it was once classified as â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome.† ASD is a severe neurodevelopmental impairment. The disorder limits the functioning capabilities of children and their capacity to communicate as well as interact with others. ASD effects how children perceive the world around them; socializing with others happens to be the most vital piece of development. Onset for ASD can occur as early as infancy, some children, howeverRead MoreUnderstanding Autism And The Different Disorders On The Autism Spectrum1225 Words   |  5 Pages(FXS), which is also termed Martin-Bell syndrome. This essay will review the literature on FXS including the prevalence of it, the importance of early intervention strategies, the types of treatments that can be used with FXS and behaviors that are related to individuals that are diagnosed with FXS. Etiology The etiology of autism may include genetic, environmental, and autoimmune etiologies (Levy, Mandell, Schultz, 2009). Although, autism may originate from any one of these categories, Fragile

Causes and Treatments of Bone Fractures Essay Sample free essay sample

A bone break is defined as a partial or complete interruption in the bone. ( Brigham Womens Hospital. 2008 ) The mean individual has two breaks in their life-time. ( WebMD. 2012 ) There are many assorted grounds for a break. and each twelvemonth about one point five million people suffer from one. ( WebMD. 2012 ) The following will depict the legion types of breaks. every bit good as the methods that have been developed to handle them. The most common three causes of breaks are trauma. Osteoporosis. and overexploitation. ( OrthoInfo. 2012 ) Trauma typically comes from a autumn or some type of accident that causes direct hurt to the bone. This type is the most common among kids. but varies in badness throughout a life-time. â€Å"Osteoporosis. or porous bone. is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural impairment of bone tissue. taking to cram breakability and an increased hazard of breaks of the hip. spinal column. and wrist† ( NIH. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Treatments of Bone Fractures Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2013 ) . This is a disease that can impact both work forces and adult females. and can besides be prevented. ( NIH. 2013 ) This disease consequences in loss of bone mass. which makes castanetss more brickle and easier to interrupt. Women. the aged. and people who smoke are more at hazard to acquire this disease. but even without these factors. people can still be diagnosed with this. ( NIH. 2013 ) A break that’s due to overdrive is besides known as a emphasis break. A stress break is defined as â€Å"a hairline cleft in the bone that develops because of perennial or drawn-out forces against the bone† ( OrthoInfo. 2012 ) . Stress breaks are most common in persons who play athleticss or have a occupation that requires changeless motion. These are the hurts that take the longest to detect. and sometimes even the longest to handle. Even though some intervention methods have developed throughout the old ages. the most common manner to repair this hurt is still through cast immobilisation. This puts the bone back into place and keeps it there until it â€Å"knits† back together. The other manner to travel about mending a bone is to run on the hurt. This is normally done with unfastened decrease and external arrested development. During the operation. castanetss are put back in the normal alliance and so assist together by particular prison guards and metal home bases. ( OrthoInfo. 2012 ) Recovery times from a break vary between a few hebdomads to a few months depending on the badness of your hurt. Following doctors’ orders and restricting emphasis on the hurt can assist to rush this up in many instances. ( OrthoInfo. 2012 ) There are many ways to avoid holding unneeded breaks. This can include taking vitamins to beef up your castanetss or taking excess safety safeguards to avoid acquiring injured. Finally they will develop faster and easier inventions in handling breaks. but for now it’s still the conventional â€Å"old school† methods and therapy. Mentions Brigham Womens Hospital. ( 2008 ) . Types of Fractures.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //healthlibrary. brigamandwomens. org/relateditems/89. P07392 National Institutes of Health. ( 2013 ) . Osteoporosis Overview.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. niams. National Institutes of Health. gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/Overview OrthoInfo. ( 2012 ) . Fractures ( Broken Bones ) .Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //orthoinfo. aaos. org/topic. cfm? topic=a00139 WebMD. ( 2012 ) . Understanding Bone Fractures—-The Basicss.Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. webmd. com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-fractures-basic-information

The Hobbit Essays (578 words) - The Hobbit, New Zealand Films

The Hobbit The Hobbit tells the story of a comfortable, friendly creature named Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo, like most hobbits, is similar to a human, but about half the size, and much more nible because they have leathery soles on thier feet, and not nearly as loud. Bilbo gets caught up in mysterious affairs much greater than his own hobbit-life affairs when, at the recommendation of a mysterious old wizard named Gandalf, he is hired as a burglar by a group of dwarves. These dwarves, led by Thorin Oakenshield, son of Throror, son of Thrain are going to the Lonely Mountain in the East to reclaim their family's massive treasure from the great dragon Smaug who lives deep in the bowls of the lonely mountain. Along the way, the company gets into trouble with goblins who live in the misty mountains, spiders who live in Mirkwood forest, and other destructive and harmful creatures, and they often escape only because of the assistance of Gandalf and other good creatures they meet. Bilbo proves himself essenti al to the quest, saving the dwarves on many occasions with his valor and skill. His success is partly due to a magic ring that he takes from a strange, dark creature named Gollum, who lives in the dank, dark caves below the Misty Mountains. Gollum is clammy and slimy and he refers to his ring as my precious. Bilbo even manages to discover Smaug's weak spot, the bare area under his ear, which allows the dragon to be killed and the treasure divided. However, the dwarves cannot enjoy the gold alone, since it lures humans and elves, some of whom have a just claim to a portion of it. Thorin's unwillingness to share the treasure almost leads to war between the dwarves and the elves and humans, but instead war is forced upon all of them by the goblins and wargs (wild wolves). All the good races(dwarfs, men, elves, eagles, and Dain's soldiers) are thus forced to unite against their common enemies. They succeed in defeating the evil creatures, but at the cost of the life of Thorin and many o thers. After the battle, the good races enjoy the treasure in peace rather than fighting over it. Bilbo, weary but happy to have played a part in great affairs, returns to his quiet home at Bag End in the Shire. Because of his unhobbit-like adventures, he is never really accepted back into the community of Hobbiton. Though Tolkien's world is one of fantasy, he designed it to reflect certain truths about the real world. The Hobbit addresses the problem of determing the right way for a hobbit to live, not what society tells us to do. Should he or she concern himself with great deeds and wars, and risk losing the humble perspective afforded by the simple life? Or should the ordinary person never look outside his or her own quiet existence, and risk ignoring the larger perspective that might have allowed him to do great things for the common good? The truth that emerges from The Hobbit is that, if one is called on to play a part in great affairs--as we all are, at least according to Tol kien's Christian perspective--then one should not shirk one's duty. To perform that duty well, however, one must never lose sight of one's own insignificance in the larger scheme of things, nor lose respect for the value of the simple life. Book Reports